This page has all of the primary sources that I used in this project.

Please note: in addition to having this source list, I’ve also hyperlinked the primary source itself (when possible) in brackets with the number to the place I was referencing it throughout all of my explanations. All sources are cited in APA 7 citation formatting and are listed below in alphabetical order, I used Zotero to generate this bibliograhy.

  1. 1869: DNA First Isolated. (n.d.-b). Genome.Gov. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/25520232/online-education-kit-1869-dna-first-isolated
  2. 1944: DNA is "Transforming Principle". (n.d.-b). Genome.Gov. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/25520250/online-education-kit-1944-dna-is-transforming-principle
  3. Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 1776 Of Colonies < 1776-1785 < Documents < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/adam-smith-from-the-wealth-of-nations-1776-of-colonies.php
  4. Aert Schouman, Dutch (Dordrecht, Netherlands 1710 - 1792 The Hague, Netherlands). (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections A Serpentine Plant (Ophioxylum Serpentinum). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/360614
  5. Albert Bierstadt, American (Solingen (near Dusseldorf), Germany 1830 - 1902 New York, NY). (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Rocky Mountains, “Lander’s Peak.” Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303976
  6. Alchemy , Definition, History, Meaning, & Facts , Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/alchemy
  7. An Essay on Man , British Literature Wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/an-essay-on-man/
  8. An Essay on Man , poem by Pope , Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Essay-on-Man
  9. Ancient Greek Coinage—World History Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Coinage/
  10. André Louis Victor Texier, French (La Rochelle 1777 - 1864 Paris), After Thomas Wyck, Dutch (Beverwijk 1616-1677 Haarlem), & Harvard. (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Alchemist’s Laboratory. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/241043
  11. Aretz, S., Borowski, A., & Schmeling, S. (2016). A fairytale creation or the beginning of everything: Students’ pre-instructional conceptions about the Big Bang theory. Perspectives in Science, 10, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.08.003
  12. Avery, O. T., Macleod, C. M., & McCarty, M. (1944). STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES: INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMATION BY A DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRACTION ISOLATED FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 79(2), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.79.2.137
  13. Barton, J., & Muddiman, J. (2001). The Oxford Bible Commentary. OUP Oxford.
  14. Bernart Prooijs, Netherlandish. (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Wisdom Triumphing over Death, Evil, and Vice. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/294667
  15. Betancur, L., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Schunn, C. (2018). Socioeconomic gaps in science achievement. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0132-5
  16. Bible Gateway Genesis 1: NIV. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://web.mit.edu/jywang/www/cef/Bible/NIV/NIV_Bible/GEN+1.html
  17. Biographical Overview. (2019, March 12). Rosalind Franklin - Profiles in Science. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/kr/feature/biographical
  18. Bird, A. (2018). Thomas Kuhn. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entrieshomas-kuhn/
  19. Breaking the Code. (2011, April 19). Science History Institute. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/breaking-the-code
  20. Brett Weston, American (Los Angeles, California 1911 - 1993 Hawaii). (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Untitled (rock formation). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/157964
  21. Carl Strüwe, German (Bielefeld, Germany 1898 - 1988 Bielefeld, Germany). (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Conical Shape. Crystal of Said Hippuric Acid Compound. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/355621
  22. Carolus Linnaeus , Biography, Education, Classification System, & Facts , Britannica. (n.d.-a). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carolus-Linnaeus
  23. Carolus Linnaeus , Biography, Education, Classification System, & Facts , Britannica. (n.d.-b). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Systema-Naturae
  24. CDC. (2020, August 3). What is Epigenetics? , CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm
  25. Charles Lyell , Biography, Theory, Books, & Facts , Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Lyell
  26. Chinese. (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Circular Dish with Phoenix-and-Cloud Decor. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/205500
  27. Christiansen, F. B., & Loeschcke, V. (1990). Evolution and Competition. In K. Wöhrmann & S. K. Jain (Eds.), Population Biology: Ecological and Evolutionary Viewpoints (pp. 367–394). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74474-7_13
  28. Claude Mellan, French (Abbeville 1598 - 1688 Paris), After Pietro da Cortona, Italian (Cortona, Italy 1596 - 1669 Rome, Italy), & Harvard. (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Allegory in Honor of the Roman College. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/240723
  29. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, D. L. C. (n.d.-a). Miescher and the isolation of DNA :: CSHL DNA Learning Center. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/16003-Miescher-and-the-isolation-of-DNA.html
  30. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, D. L. C. (n.d.-b). Oswald Avery (c.1930): CSHL DNA Learning Center. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/15674-Oswald-Avery-c-1930-.html
  31. Competitive Science: Is Competition Ruining Science? , Infection and Immunity. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.02939-14
  32. Conrad Gesner , Biography & Facts , Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Conrad-Gesner
  33. Conradi Gesneri … Historiae animalium lib. I[-IIII]. (n.d.). [Image]. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.loc.gov/item/06004347/
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  36. Curtis, C., Millar, C. D., & Lambert, D. M. (2018a). The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution. PLOS Biology, 16(9), e2005558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558
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  38. Dahm, R. (2005). Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA. Developmental Biology, 278(2), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028
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  41. Darwin, C. R. and A. R. Wallace. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. [Read 1 July] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 3 (20 August): 45-50. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&viewtype=text&pageseq=1
  42. Darwin, E. (n.d.). Zoonomia ; or, The laws of organic life.
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  45. Declaration of Independence: A Transcription. (2015, November 1). National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
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  50. Dutch. (n.d.). From the Harvard Art Museums’ collections Carved Tall-Case Hall Clock with Pendulum. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/327015
  51. Eldredge, N. (2008). The Early “Evolution” of “Punctuated Equilibria.” Evolution: Education and Outreach, 1(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0032-0
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